What type of cell division is characterized by the splitting of sister chromatids and leading to the formation of haploid cells?

The correct answer is Meiosis 2, which is specifically characterized by the separation of sister chromatids. During this phase of meiosis, the two sister chromatids, which are held together by the centromere, are separated and pulled toward opposite poles of the cell. This process results in four haploid cells, each containing half the number of chromosomes compared to the original cell, which is a key characteristic of meiosis as a whole.

Meiosis 2 occurs after Meiosis 1, which is focused on the separation of homologous chromosomes and results in two haploid cells, but with each chromosome still consisting of two chromatids. The distinct process of sister chromatid separation occurs only in Meiosis 2. This is crucial for ensuring genetic diversity during sexual reproduction by producing gametes that are haploid.

In contrast, mitosis is involved in producing genetically identical diploid cells and does not lead to haploid cell formation. Binary fission is a form of asexual reproduction seen primarily in prokaryotes, where a single cell divides into two identical cells without the complexities associated with meiosis.